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In the [[Dzogchen]] tradition in Tibetan Buddhism '''ground''' ({{bo|t=གཞི|w=gzhi}}; [[IAST]]: ''āśraya''{{sfn|Longchen Rabjam|1998|p=288}} or ''sthāna''{{refn|group=note|name="āśraya"}}{{refn|group=note|Other translations of ''gzhi'': Chinese: 基 ([[Pinyin]]: ''Ji''); [[Korean language|Korean]] 의지 (''ŭiji''); [[Japanese language|Japanese]]:エジ (''eji'')}}) is the primordial state. It is an essential component of the Dzogchen tradition for both the [[Bonpo]] and the [[Nyingmapa]].{{sfn|Rossi|1999|p=52}}{{sfn|Dudjom Rinpoche|Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje|1991|p=354}} Knowledge of this ''Ground'' is called ''[[rigpa]]''.{{refn|group=note|Wylie: rig pa; [[IAST]]: vidyā){{sfn|Dudjom Rinpoche|Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje|1991|p=336}}}}

==Etymology==
The {{bo|t=གཞི|w=gzhi}} has been rendered as 'Base', 'Basis', 'Ground' and 'Ground of Being' amongst other English glosses. According to [[Dudjom Rinpoche|Dudjom]] the original Sanskrit-term is ''āśraya'' ([[IAST]]; Sanskrit Devanagari: आश्रय; [[w:Etymology|Etymology]]: आ- √श्रि),{{sfn|Dudjom Rinpoche|Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje|1991|p=354 Index of Technical Terms}}{{refn|group=note|name="āśraya"|According to ''A Dictionary of Buddhism'', Oxford University Press, 2003, 2004<ref group=web>[http://glossary.buddhistdoor.com/en/word/15491/asraya Charles Muller, Tokyo Gakuen University (1997), "āśraya"] accessed 13 May 2011</ref> "āśraya" is a synonym for ''[[ālaya-vijñāna]]'', the "store-house-consciousness". }} but it could also be ''sthāna''.

[[Sam van Schaik]] states that ''gzhi'' is to be distinguished from ''kun gzhi''. In the [[Menngagde|Seminal Heart]] series a distinction is made between ''kun gzhi'', c.q. ''ālaya'', "the base of it all", the samsaric basis of consciousness, of all the samsaric appearances; and ''gzhi'', "the nirvanic basis known as the ground."{{sfn|Schaik|2004}}{{refn|group=note|Sam van Schaik: "....the Seminal Heart distinction between two types of basis, the nirvanic basis known as the ground (gzhi) and the samsaric basis of consciousness, the ālaya (kun gzhi).{{sfn|Schaik|2004}}}}

==Three qualities==
[[File:Sam Taeguk.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Gankyil]]]]
According to the Dzogchen-teachings, the ''Ground'' or [[Buddha-nature]] has three qualities:{{sfn|Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche|2001|p=44}}{{sfn|Petit|1999|p=78-79}}
* ''ngo bo'', "essence", oneness or emptiness ({{bo|w=ngo bo stong pa}}),
* ''rang bzhin'', "nature", luminosity, lucidity or clarity (as in the [[luminous mind]] of the [[Five Pure Lights]]) ({{bo|w=rang bzhin gsal ba}}),
* ''thugs rje'', "power", universal [[Karuṇā|compassionate energy]] ({{bo|w=thugs rje kun khyab}}), unobstructed ({{bo|w=ma 'gags pa}}).

(In Goodman & Davidson 1992,) Herbert V. Guenther points out that this ''Ground'' is both a static potential and a dynamic unfolding. They give a [[Process philosophy|process-orientated]] translation, to avoid any essentialist associations, since
{{quote|''ngo-bo'' (facticity) has nothing to do with nor can even be reduced to the (essentialist) categories of substance and quality; [...] ''rang-bzhin'' (actuality) remains open-dimensional, rather than being or turning into a rigid essence despite its being what it is; and that ''thugs-rje'' (resonance) is an atemporal sensitivity and response, rather than a distinct and narrowly circumscribed operation.{{sfn|Goodman|Davidson|1992|p=14}}}}

The 19th/20th-century Tibetan Buddhist scholar, Shechen Gyaltsap Gyurme Pema Namgyal, sees the Buddha-nature as ultimate truth,<ref>Rabjam, Shechen (2007). ''The Great Medicine: Steps in Meditation on the Enlightened Mind''. Boston: Shambhala: p. 21</ref> nirvana, which is constituted of profundity, primordial peace and radiance:
{{quote|Buddha-nature is immaculate. It is profound, serene, unfabricated suchness, an uncompounded expanse of luminosity; nonarising, unceasing, primordial peace, spontaneously present nirvana.<ref>Rabjam, Shechen (2007). ''The Great Medicine: Steps in Meditation on the Enlightened Mind''. Boston: Shambhala: p. 4</ref>}}

==The Prayer of Kuntuzangpo==
Beings are trapped in samsara by not recognizing the ground. The ''Prayer of Kuntuzangpo'' from the Gonpa Zangthal states:
{{quote|From the beginning you beings are deluded<br />
Because you do not recognize<br />
The awareness of the ground{{sfn|Ranjung Yeshe|2006|p=Chapter 9}}}}

==See also==
* [[Seventeen Tantras]]
* [[Rigpa]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==

===Published sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation | author =Dudjom Rinpoche | last2 =Jikdrel Yeshe Dorje | year =1991 | title =The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism: its Fundamentals and History. Two Volumes. Translated and | editor =Gyurme Dorje with Matthew Kapstein | publisher =Wisdom Publications | isbn =0-86171-087-8}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Goodman | first1 =Steven D. | last2 =Davidson | first2 =Ronald M. | year =1992 | title =Tibetan Buddhism: reason and revelation | publisher =SUNY Press | isbn =0-7914-0785-3}}
* {{Citation | last =Hubbard | first =Jamie | year = 2008 | title =Original Purity and the Arising of Delusion | url =http://sophia.smith.edu/~jhubbard/publications/papers/OriginalPurity.pdf}}
* {{Citation | author =Ranjung Yeshe | translator =Kunsang, Erik Pema | year =2006 | title =Quintessential Dzogchen}}
* {{Citation | author =Longchen Rabjam | translator =Richard Barron | year =1998 | title =The Precious Treasury of the Way of Abiding| publisher =Padma Publishing}}
* {{Citation | last =Petit | first =John Whitney | year =1999 | title =Mipham's Beacon of Certainty: Illuminating the View of Dzochen, the Great Perfection | place =Boston | publisher =Wisdom Publications | isbn =0-86171-157-2}}
* {{Citation | author =Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche | year =2001 | title =Het wonder van onze oorspronkelijke geest. Dzokchen in de bontraditie van Tibet (Dutch translation of "Wonders of the Natural Mind") | publisher =Elmar BV}}
* {{Citation | last =Rossi | first =Donatella | year =1999 | title =The Philosophical View of the Great Perfection in the Tibetan Bon Religion | publisher =Snow Lion | isbn =1-55939-129-4}}
* {{Citation | last =Schaik | first =Sam | year =2004 | title =Approaching the Great Perfection: Simultaneous and Gradual Methods of Dzogchen Practice in the Longchen Nyingtig | publisher =Wisdom Publications Inc. | url =http://www.wisdompubs.org/sites/default/files/preview/Approaching-the-Great-Perfection-Preview.pdf | access-date =2014-06-15 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201435/http://www.wisdompubs.org/sites/default/files/preview/Approaching-the-Great-Perfection-Preview.pdf | archive-date =2014-07-14 | url-status =dead }}
{{refend}}

===Web-sources===
{{reflist|group=web}}

==Further reading==
* Lipman, Kennard (c. 1984). "How Samsara is Fabricated from the Ground of Being." Translated from Klong-chen rab-'byams-pa's "Yid-bzhin rin-po-che'i mdzod". "Crystal Mirror V". Berkeley: Dharma Publishing, pp. 336–356 revised edition 1991; First published 1977
* Hubbard, Jamie (1994, 2008). ''Original Purity and the Arising of Delusion''. Smith College. Source: [http://sophia.smith.edu/~jhubbard/publications/papers/OriginalPurity.pdf] (accessed: Friday April 9, 2010)

[[Category:Dzogchen| ]]
[[Category:Bon]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist concepts]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist practices]]
[[Category:Buddha-nature]]

Ground (Dzogchen) - Revision history

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