50.196.16.137: /* Real life concepts and theories */ tense correction

2020-08-19T22:42:58Z

Real life concepts and theories: tense correction

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{{redirect|Project Thor|other uses|Thor (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Kinetic strike|the political euphemism|kinetic military action}}
{{for|the generic concept of attacking a planetary surface from orbit|Orbital bombardment}}

A '''kinetic bombardment''' or a '''kinetic orbital strike''' is the hypothetical act of attacking a planetary surface with an inert [[projectile]] from [[orbit]], where the destructive power comes from the [[kinetic energy]] of the projectile impacting at very high speeds. The concept originated during the [[Cold War]].

Typical depictions of the tactic are of a [[satellite]] containing a magazine of [[tungsten]] rods and a directional [[thrust]] system. (In science fiction, the weapon is often depicted as being launched from a [[Spacecraft|spaceship]], instead of a satellite.) When a strike is ordered, the launch vehicle [[Atmospheric entry|brakes]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Pelt|first=Michel van|title=Space Tourism: Adventures in Earth Orbit and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pjiuMbDxsJIC&pg=PA107|year=2005|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-40213-0|page=107}}; - the word "brake" in this paragraph refers to the act of braking; the fact that by slowing the rod's orbital trajectory, the satellite can de-orbit it in order to drop it onto the planet below.</ref> one of the rods out of its orbit and into a [[suborbital]] trajectory that intersects the target. As the rod approaches [[periapsis]] due to gravity, it picks up immense speed until it reaches [[terminal velocity]] shortly before impact. The rods would typically be shaped to minimize [[Drag (physics)|air resistance]] and maximize terminal velocity.

Kinetic bombardment has the advantage of being able to deliver projectiles from a very high angle at a very high speed, making them extremely difficult to defend against. In addition, projectiles would not require explosive warheads, and—in the simplest designs—would consist entirely of solid metal rods, giving rise to the common nickname "rods from God".<ref name=PopSci-2004-06-01 /> Disadvantages include the technical difficulties of ensuring accuracy and the high costs of positioning ammunition in orbit.

== Real life concepts and theories ==
During the [[Korean War|Korean]] and [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] Wars, there was limited use of the [[Lazy Dog (bomb)|Lazy Dog]] bomb, a kinetic projectile shaped like a conventional bomb but only about 25.4 mm (1") long and 9.525 mm (3/8") diameter. A piece of sheet metal was folded to make the fins and welded to the rear of the projectile. These were dumped from aircraft onto enemy troops and had the same effect as a machine gun fired vertically.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Karmes|title=The Patricia Lynn Project: Vietnam War, the Early Years of Air Intelligence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQrcBQAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-1-4917-5228-9|at=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=SQrcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT142 The Lazy Dog Bomb]}}{{self-published source|date=July 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}<ref name="Rowley2013">{{cite book|author=Ralph A Rowley|title=Close Air Support In Vietnam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcXNBAAAQBAJ|date=12 April 2013|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-939335-12-8|page=[https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=TcXNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 43]}}{{self-published source|date=July 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}} Similar [[flechette]] projectiles have been used since the first World War.

''Project Thor'' is an idea for a weapons system that launches [[Utility pole|telephone pole]]-sized kinetic [[projectile]]s made from [[tungsten]] from Earth's orbit to damage targets on the ground. [[Jerry Pournelle]] created the concept while working in operations research at [[Boeing]] in the 1950s before becoming a science-fiction writer.<ref name=NYT-2006-12-10>{{cite web|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/magazine/10section3a.t-9.html|title=Rods From God|author=Jonathan Shainin|date=10 December 2006}}</ref><ref name=Pournelle-2006-03-06>{{cite web|publisher=The View from Chaos Manor|url=http://www.jerrypournelle.com/archives2/archives2mail/mail404.html#Thor|title=Chaos Manor Mail|author=Jerry Pournelle|date=6 March 2006|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828221908/http://www.jerrypournelle.com/archives2/archives2mail/mail404.html#Thor|archivedate=28 August 2008}}</ref>

A system described in the 2003 [[United States Air Force]] report<ref name="USAF Report">{{Cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a458089.pdf|title=US Air Force Transformation Flight Plan|accessdate=14 May 2020}}</ref> was that of {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}}, {{convert|1|ft|m|adj=mid|-diameter}} tungsten rods that are satellite-controlled and have global strike capability, with impact speeds of [[Mach number|Mach 10]].<ref name=AT-2005-08-18>{{cite web|work=Asia Times|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Front_Page/GH18Aa01.html|title=Star Wars: Empires strike back|author=Giuseppe Anzera|date=18 August 2005|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref><ref name=SFC-2006-03-12>{{cite web|work=San Francisco Chronicle|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/2006-03-12/opinion/17284306_1_rods-nuclear-weapons-outer-space-treaty|title=RODS FROM GOD / Imagine a bundle of telephone poles hurtling through space at 7,000 mph|author=John Arquilla|date=12 March 2006|accessdate=25 May 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202125232/http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/RODS-FROM-GOD-Imagine-a-bundle-of-telephone-2539690.php|archive-date=2 February 2013|quote=[Such] bundles of metal are not specifically disallowed by the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which explicitly prohibits only deploying nuclear weapons in space. The rods, however, would violate the spirit of the more general Outer Space Treaty.|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Guardian-2005-05-19/>

The bomb would naturally contain a large kinetic energy because it moves at [[orbital speed|orbital velocities]], around 8 kilometers per second in orbit and 3 kilometers per second or [[Mach number|Mach 10]] at impact. As the rod reenters Earth's [[Reentry|atmosphere]] it would lose most of the velocity, but the remaining energy would cause considerable damage. Some systems are quoted as having the yield of a small tactical nuclear bomb.<ref name="Guardian-2005-05-19">{{cite web|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/may/19/spaceexploration.usnews|title=Bush likely to back weapons in space|author=Julian Borger|date=19 May 2005|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref> These designs are envisioned as a [[bunker buster]].<ref name="SFC-2006-03-12" /><ref name="Pitts-2003-07-28">{{cite news|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|title=Rods from God|author=Jack Kelly|date=28 July 2003|page=A5|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/94403109/}}</ref> As the name suggests, the 'bunker buster' is powerful enough to destroy a nuclear bunker. With 6–8 satellites on a given orbit, a target could be hit within 12–15 minutes from any given time, less than half the time taken by an [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBM]] and without the launch warning. Such a system could also be equipped with sensors to detect incoming [[anti-ballistic missile]]-type threats and relatively light protective measures to use against them (e.g. Hit-To-Kill Missiles or megawatt-class [[chemical laser]]). The time between deorbit and impact would only be a few minutes, and depending on the orbits and positions in the orbits, the system would have a worldwide range. There would be no need to deploy missiles, aircraft or other vehicles.

In the case of the system mentioned in the 2003 Air Force report above, a {{nowrap|6.1 m × 0.3 m}} tungsten cylinder impacting at Mach 10 has a kinetic energy equivalent to approximately 11.5 tons of TNT (or 7.2 tons of dynamite).<ref name="USAF Report" /> The mass of such a cylinder is itself greater than 9 tons, so the practical applications of such a system are limited to those situations where its other characteristics provide a clear and decisive advantage—a conventional bomb/warhead of similar weight to the tungsten rod, delivered by conventional means, provides similar destructive capability and is far more practical and cost-effective.

The highly elongated shape and high mass of the projectiles are intended to enhance sectional density (and therefore minimize kinetic energy loss due to air friction) and maximize penetration of hard or buried targets. The larger device is expected to be quite effective at penetrating deeply buried bunkers and other command and control targets.<ref>History Television, ''The Universe'', season 4, episode 8, "Space Wars"; referring to ''rod from God''</ref>

The weapon would be very hard to defend against. It has a very high closing velocity and small radar cross-section. Launch is difficult to detect. Any [[infrared]] launch signature occurs in orbit, at no fixed position. The infrared launch signature also has a much smaller magnitude compared to a ballistic missile launch. One drawback of the system is that the weapon's sensors would almost certainly be blind during [[atmospheric reentry]] due to the [[plasma sheath]] that would develop ahead of it, so a mobile target could be difficult to hit if it performed an unexpected maneuver. The system would also have to cope with atmospheric heating from re-entry, which could melt non-tungsten components of the weapon.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2004/02/62358?currentPage=2|title=Pentagon Preps for War in Space|author=Noah Shachtman|date=20 February 2004|accessdate=25 May 2010}}</ref>

The phrase "rods from God" is also used to describe the same concept.<ref name="TWS-2005-06-08">{{cite web|work=The Weekly Standard|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/700oklkt.asp|title=The Rods from God|author=Michael Goldfarb|date=8 June 2005|accessdate=28 May 2010}}</ref> An Air Force report called them "hypervelocity rod bundles".<ref name="PopSci-2004-06-01">{{cite web|work=Popular Science|url=http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2004-06/rods-god|title=Rods from God|author=Eric Adams|date=June 2004|accessdate=27 May 2010}}</ref>

== In science fiction ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2016}}

=== Literature and comics ===
In the mid-1960s, popular science interest in orbital mechanics led to a number of science fiction stories which explored their implications. Among these was ''[[The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress]]'' by [[Robert A. Heinlein]] in which the citizens of the Moon bombard the Earth with rocks wrapped in iron containers which are in turn fired from an [[Mass driver|electromagnetic launch system]] at Earth-based targets.

In the 1970s and 1980s this idea was refined in science fiction novels such as ''[[Footfall]]'' by [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]] (the same Pournelle that first proposed the idea for military use in a non-fiction context), in which aliens use a Thor-type system. During the 1980s and 1990s references to such weapons became a staple of science fiction [[roleplaying games]] such as ''[[Traveller (role-playing game)|Traveller]]'', ''[[Shadowrun]]'' and ''[[Heavy Gear]]'' (the latter game naming these weapons ''ortillery'', a portmanteau of ''orbital artillery''), as well as visual media including ''[[Babylon 5|Babylon 5's]]'' "mass drivers" and the film ''[[Starship Troopers (film)|Starship Troopers]]'', itself an adaptation of a Heinlein [[Starship Troopers|novel of the same name]]. A smaller "crowbar" variant is mentioned in ''David's Sling'' by [[Marc Stiegler]] (Baen, 1988). Set in the Cold War, the story is based on the use of (relatively inexpensive) information-based "intelligent" systems to overcome an enemy's numerical advantage. The orbital kinetic bombardment system is used first to destroy the Soviet tank armies that have invaded Europe and then to take out Soviet ICBM silos prior to a nuclear strike.

In [[Neal Stephenson]]'s ''[[Anathem]],'' a kinetic bombardment weapon is deployed from orbit to trigger the eruption of a dormant [[volcano]]. In [[Daniel Suarez (author)|Daniel Suarez]]'s book ''[[Daemon (novel series)|Freedom]]'', a suborbital version of Thor is used composed of many small arrows or spikes for anti-personnel use. In [[James S. A. Corey]]'s ''[[The Expanse (novel series)|The Expanse]]'' series, a radical group from within the [[Asteroid belt|Belter]] movement bombards Earth with high-speed asteroids, killing billions. In [[John Birmingham]]'s ''Stalin's Hammer'' (a part of his ''[[Axis of Time]]'' series), Soviet scientists use 21st century technology obtained from a fleet thrown back to [[World War II]] to create a satellite capable of launching tungsten rods from orbit and launch it by the early 1950s. In [[David Weber]]'s [[Honorverse]] series, kinetic strike weapons are a standard armament of all space navies that conduct orbit-to-ground operations. The version used by the Royal Manticoran Navy is a six-hundred-kilogram iron slug equipped with a small gravitic drive, capable of variable yields ranging from that of a large artillery shell to an intermediate-yield nuclear device, and packaged in six-shot satellites that are deployed from starship counter-missile tubes.

In [[Peter F. Hamilton]]'s ''[[The Night's Dawn Trilogy]]'', "kinetic harpoons" are being used to bombard the surface of a planet. The book in which the event occurs also specifies how the staggering of the harpoons' impact caused the shockwaves from the impacts to [[resonate]] and result in an artificial earthquake. In the 2008 adventure novel [[Plague Ship (Cussler novel)|''Plague Ship'']] by [[Clive Cussler]] and [[Jack Du Brul]], an elaborate explanation and depiction of kinetic bombardment is provided.

The [[Warren Ellis]] comic ''[[Global Frequency]]'' (issue #12, "Harpoon", August 2004) featured the threat of kinetic spears, weapons designed to be dropped from satellites, heat up on re-entry, and strike the ground with the force of a tactical nuke, and as hot as the edge of the sun. Rather than being a weapon of war, they were depicted as part of a 'die-back' protocol designed to reduce Earth's human population to a sustainable level. In the 28 August 2005 strip of ''[[Schlock Mercenary]]'' by [[Howard Tayler|Howard Taylor]], the sentient race Tohdfraug intend to destroy the extant civilization on the planet Qlaviql, by bombarding it with "a few thousand depleted uranium projectiles ... no bigger than a roll of Terran toilet paper", although accelerated to 250 [[Megameter|Mm]]/h.<ref>https://www.schlockmercenary.com/2005-08-28</ref>

On September 28, 2011 within the first issue of ''[[Blackhawks (DC Comics)|Blackhawks]]'' scripted by [[Mike Costa]], part of the DCnU initiative, the villainess Mother Machine had constructed an orbital satellite with technologies of her own design to drop kinetic javelins from planetary orbit at designated targets. On March 28, 2018 DC Comic's writer [[Dan Abnett]], creator of The Silencer, used the concept as an orbital weapons platform owned by the Department of Defense leased by the criminal organization [[Leviathan (DC Comics)|Leviathan]].

On August 29, 2018, [[Charles Soule]]'s ''Hunt for Wolverine: Dead Ends'' featured kinetic bombardment utilized by the clandestine organization Soteira when many of Marvel's greatest heroes went in search of the resurrected [[Wolverine (character)|Logan]].

=== Television and film ===
In 2013 a kinetic weapon bombardment system consisting of tungsten rods in an orbiting platform, codenamed Project: Zeus, was featured in the movie ''[[G.I. Joe: Retaliation]]'', where it destroys [[London]].

An episode of [[Justice League]] featured a satellite-based weapon that combines this with a [[Coilgun|rail gun]] which used magnetic coils to attract and then launch meteors rich in iron minerals toward the earth's surface.

In the climax of the movie [[Avengers: Age of Ultron]], a large part of the capital city of the fictional country of [[Sokovia]] is lifted into the air with the intent of crashing it into the earth and causing global extinction.

A 1995 episode of the [[Babylon 5]] TV series features warships using [[mass drivers]] to accelerate asteroids to be used for planetary bombardment.

=== Manga and anime ===
The repurposing of space colonies for use in kinetic bombardment (referred as a "colony drop") is a frequent element of the ''[[Gundam]]'' franchise and is central to the plots of ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack]]'', and ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory]]'', while a more limited bombardment is key to the climax of ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans]]'' .

A kinetic space weapon is used in the Japanese manga and anime ''[[Knights of Sidonia]]''.

=== Video games ===
From the mid-1990s, kinetic weapons as science fiction plot devices appeared in video games. Appearing in ''[[Syndicate Wars]]'' as a player-usable weapon, it also featured prominently in the plot of ''[[Tom Clancy's EndWar]]'', ''[[Mass Effect 2]]'' and ''[[Call of Duty: Ghosts]]'', to name some.

''Call of Duty: Ghosts'' features the ODIN (Orbital Defense Initiative) Space Station by the US Air Force, which is seen in the game as hijacked by the Federation, a fictional South American army back in the Federation War. The satellite wreaks havoc on the United States of America before being destroyed by USAF astronauts, only to be found hurtling towards Earth and secured by the Federation to create their own kinetic strike satellite, the LOKI Space Station.

==See also==
* [[Concrete bomb]]
* [[Kinetic energy penetrator]]
* [[Prompt Global Strike]]
* [[Railgun]]
* [[Brilliant Pebbles]]
* [[Flechette]]
* [[Fractional Orbital Bombardment System]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box}}

* {{Citation|publisher = RAND Corporation|title=Space Weapons, Earth Wars|year=2002|isbn=0-8330-2937-1}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/700oklkt.asp|title=Rods from God|publisher=weeklystandard.com}}
* {{cite web|publisher=Popular Science|url=http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2004-06/rods-god|title=Rods from God|date=June 2004}}
* {{cite web|author=Richard L. Garwin|url=http://fas.org/rlg/030522-space.pdf|title=Space Weapons, Not Yet|date=14 May 2003}}

{{Doomsday}}
{{science fiction}}

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[[Category:Space weapons]]
[[Category:Rocketry]]
[[Category:Doomsday scenarios]]
[[Category:Weapons of mass destruction]]
[[Category:Collision]]

Kinetic bombardment - Revision history

50.196.16.137: /* Real life concepts and theories */ tense correction